Directory Services 7.4.3

Maintenance

This guide covers recurring administrative operations.

Tools

Run DS command-line tools.
Server Process

Start, stop, restart DS.
Backup/Restore

Backup and restore data.
Resource Limits

Set limits for user and application.
Tuning

Tune server performance.
Troubleshooting

Solve common problems.

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Maintenance tools

Server commands

  • Add DS server command-line tools to your PATH:

    • Bash

    • PowerShell

    $ export PATH=/path/to/opendj/bin:$\{PATH}
    PS C:\path\to> $env:PATH += ";C:\path\to\opendj\bat"

  • For reference information, use the --help option with any DS tool.

  • All commands call Java programs. This means every command starts a JVM, so it takes longer to start than a native binary.

  • The DS bash-completion command generates a completion script for the Bash shell that makes it easier to write other DS commands.

    The completion script depends on support for bash-completion, which is not included by default on macOS.

    To set up Bash completion for DS commands, source the output of the script:

    • Bash 4

    • Bash 3.2 macOS

    source <(/path/to/opendj/bin/bash-completion)
    # First, install bash-completion support.
# Next:
eval "$( /path/to/opendj/bin/bash-completion )"

    You can make completion available in any new interactive shell by adding it to your ~/.bash_profile file, or ~/.bashrc file if it is loaded by the new shell.

DS running on…​ DS installed from…​ Default path to tools…​

Linux distributions

.zip

/path/to/opendj/bin

Linux distributions

.deb, .rpm

/opt/opendj/bin

Microsoft Windows

.zip

C:\path\to\opendj\bat

The installation and upgrade tools, setup, and upgrade, are found in the parent directory of the other tools. These tools are not used for everyday administration.

Commands Constraints

dsbackup
dsconfig
export-ldif
import-ldif
rebuild-index
setup
setup-profile
start-ds

When the server is offline, or when running commands in offline mode, these commands can modify server files. They must, therefore, access server files as a user who has the same filesystem permissions as the user who installs and runs the server.

For most systems, the simplest way to achieve this is to run the command as the same user who installs and runs the server. When following best practices for auditing and separation of duty, provision administrative and server user accounts with compatible group or access control list permissions.

backendstat
create-rc-script
encode-password
setup
setup-profile
start-ds
supportextract
upgrade
windows-service

These commands must be used with the local DS server in the same installation as the tools.

These commands are not useful with non-DS servers.

dsbackup
changelogstat
dsconfig
dsrepl
encode-password
export-ldif
import-ldif
manage-account
manage-tasks
rebuild-index
status
stop-ds
verify-index

These commands must be used with DS servers having the same version as the command.

These commands are not useful with non-DS servers.

makeldif

This command depends on template files. The template files can make use of configuration files installed with DS servers under config/MakeLDIF/.

The LDIF output can be used with any directory server.

base64
ldapcompare
ldapdelete
ldapmodify
ldappasswordmodify
ldapsearch
ldifdiff
ldifmodify
ldifsearch

These commands can be used independently of DS servers, and are not tied to a specific version.
Command(1) Description

addrate

Measure add and delete throughput and response time.

authrate

Measure bind throughput and response time.

backendstat

Debug databases for pluggable backends.

base64

Encode and decode data in base64 format.

Base64-encoding represents binary data in ASCII, and can be used to encode character strings in LDIF, for example.

bash-completion

Generate a completion script for use with Bash shell. Requires bash-completion support.

changelogstat

Debug file-based changelog databases.

create-rc-script (Linux)

Generate a systemd service to start, stop, and restart the server, either directly or at system boot and shutdown.

This lets you register and manage DS servers as services on Linux systems.

dsbackup

Back up or restore directory data.

dskeymgr

Generate a deployment ID, a shared master key, a private CA certificate based on a deployment ID and password, or a key pair with the certificate signed by the private CA.

dsconfig

The dsconfig command is the primary command-line tool for viewing and editing DS server configurations. When started without arguments, dsconfig prompts you for administration connection information. Once connected to a running server, it presents you with a menu-driven interface to the server configuration.

To edit the configuration when the server is not running, use the --offline command.

Some advanced properties are not visible by default when you run the dsconfig command interactively. Use the --advanced option to access advanced properties.

When you pass connection information, subcommands, and additional options to dsconfig, the command runs in script mode, so it is not interactive.

You can prepare dsconfig batch scripts with the --commandFilePath option in interactive mode, then read from the batch file with the --batchFilePath option in script mode. Batch files can be useful when you have many dsconfig commands to run, and want to avoid starting the JVM for each command.

Alternatively, you can read commands from standard input with the --batch option.

dsrepl

Manage data replication between directory servers to keep their contents in sync.

encode-password

Encode a plaintext password according to one of the available storage schemes.

export-ldif

Export directory data to LDIF, the standard, portable, text-based representation of directory content.

import-ldif

Load LDIF content into the directory, which overwrites existing data. It cannot be used to append data to the backend database.

ldapcompare

Compare the attribute values you specify with those stored on entries in the directory.

ldapdelete

Delete one entry or an entire branch of subordinate entries in the directory.

ldapmodify

Modify the specified attribute values for the specified entries.

ldappasswordmodify

Modify user passwords.

ldapsearch

Search a branch of directory data for entries that match the LDAP filter you specify.

ldifdiff

Display differences between two LDIF files. The output is LDIF.

ldifmodify

Similar to the ldapmodify command, modify specified attribute values for specified entries in an LDIF file.

ldifsearch

Similar to the ldapsearch command, search a branch of data in LDIF for entries matching the LDAP filter you specify.

makeldif

Generate directory data in LDIF based on templates that define how the data should appear.

The makeldif command generates test data that mimics data expected in production, and does not compromise real, potentially private information.

manage-account

Lock and unlock user accounts, and view and manipulate password policy state information.

manage-tasks

View information about tasks scheduled to run in the server, and cancel specified tasks.

modrate

Measure modification throughput and response time.

rebuild-index

Rebuild an index stored in an indexed backend.

searchrate

Measure search throughput and response time.

setup-profile

Configure a setup profile after initial installation.

start-ds

Start one DS server.

status

Display information about the server.

stop-ds

Stop one DS server.

supportextract

Collect troubleshooting information for technical support purposes.

verify-index

Verify that an index stored in an indexed backend is not corrupt.

windows-service (Windows)

Register and manage one DS server as a Windows service.

(1) Linux names for the commands. Equivalent Windows commands have .bat extensions.

Trusted certificates

When a client tool initiates a secure connection to a server, the server presents its digital certificate.

The tool must decide whether it does trust the server certificate and continues to negotiate a secure connection, or doesn’t trust the server certificate and drops the connection. To trust the server certificate, the tool’s truststore must contain the trusted certificate. The trusted certificate is a CA certificate, or the self-signed server certificate.

The following table explains how the tools locate the truststore.

Truststore Option Truststore Used

None

The default truststore, user.home/.opendj/keystore, where user.home is the Java system property. user.home is $HOME on Linux and %USERPROFILE% on Windows. The keystore password is OpenDJ. Do not change the file name or the password.

  • In interactive mode, DS command-line tools prompt for approval to trust an unrecognized certificate, and whether to store it in the default truststore for future use.

  • In silent mode, the tools rely on the default truststore.

--use<Type>TrustStore {trustStorePath}

DS only uses the specified truststore. The <Type> in the option name reflects the trust store type.

The tool fails with an error if it can’t trust the server certificate.

Default settings

You can set defaults in the ~/.opendj/tools.properties file, as in the following example:

hostname=localhost
port=4444
bindDN=editable:dsAdminDN["uid=admin"]
bindPassword\:file=/path/to/.pwd
useSsl=true
trustAll=true

When you use an option with a colon, such as bindPassword:file, escape the colon with a backslash (\:) in the properties file.

The file location on Windows is %UserProfile%\.opendj\tools.properties.

Server processes

Start a server

  • Start the server in the background:

    $ start-ds

    Alternatively, specify the --no-detach option to start the server in the foreground.

  • (Linux) If the DS server was installed from a .deb or .rpm package, then service management scripts were created at setup time:

    centos# service opendj start

Starting opendj (via systemctl):                           [  OK  ]
    ubuntu$ sudo service opendj start

$Starting opendj: > SUCCESS.

  • (Linux) Use a systemd service to manage DS.

    # Create the service.
# Unless you run DS as root,
# set --userName to the user who installed the server:
$ sudo create-rc-script \
--systemdService /etc/systemd/system/opendj.service \
--userName opendj

# Register the service you created:
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

    Manage the service with systemctl.

    $ sudo systemctl start opendj

  • (Windows) Register the DS server as a Windows service:

    C:\path\to\opendj\bat> windows-service.bat --enableService

    Manage the service with Windows-native administration tools.

Stop a server

Although DS servers are designed to recover from failure and disorderly shutdown, it is safer to shut the server down cleanly, because a clean shutdown reduces startup delays. During startup, the server attempts to recover database backend state. Clean shutdown prevents situations where the server cannot recover automatically.

Clean server retirement

  1. Before shutting down the system where the server is running, and before detaching any storage used for directory data, cleanly stop the server using one of the following techniques:

    • Use the stop-ds command:

      $ stop-ds

    • (Linux) If the DS server was installed from a .deb or .rpm package, then service management scripts were created at setup time:

      centos# service opendj stop

Stopping opendj (via systemctl):                           [  OK  ]
      ubuntu$ sudo service opendj stop

$Stopping opendj: ... > SUCCESS.

    • (Linux) Use a systemd service to manage DS.

      # Create the service.
# Unless you run DS as root,
# set --userName to the user who installed the server:
$ sudo create-rc-script \
--systemdService /etc/systemd/system/opendj.service \
--userName opendj

# Register the service you created:
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

      Manage the service with systemctl.

      $ sudo systemctl stop opendj

    • (Windows) Register the DS server once as a Windows service:

      C:\path\to\opendj\bat> windows-service.bat --enableService

      Manage the service with Windows-native administration tools.

    Do not intentionally kill the DS server process unless the server is completely unresponsive. When stopping cleanly, the server writes state information to database backends, and releases locks that it holds on database files.

Restart a server

  • Use the stop-ds command:

    $ stop-ds --restart

  • (Linux) If the DS server was installed from a .deb or .rpm package, then service management scripts were created at setup time:

    centos# service opendj restart

Restarting opendj (via systemctl):                         [  OK  ]
    ubuntu$ sudo service opendj restart

$Stopping opendj: ... > SUCCESS.

$Starting opendj: > SUCCESS.

  • (Linux) Use a systemd service to manage DS.

    # Create the service.
# Unless you run DS as root,
# set --userName to the user who installed the server:
$ sudo create-rc-script \
--systemdService /etc/systemd/system/opendj.service \
--userName opendj

# Register the service you created:
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

    Manage the service with systemctl.

    $ sudo systemctl restart opendj

  • (Windows) Register the DS server once as a Windows service:

    C:\path\to\opendj\bat> windows-service.bat --enableService

    Manage the service with Windows-native administration tools.

Server tasks

The following server administration commands can be run in online and offline mode. They invoke data-intensive operations, and so potentially take a long time to complete. The links below are to the reference documentation for each command:

When you run these commands in online mode, they run as tasks on the server. Server tasks are scheduled operations that can run one or more times as long as the server is up. For example, you can schedule the dsbackup and export-ldif commands to run recurrently in order to back up server data on a regular basis.

You schedule a task as a directory administrator, sending the request to the administration port. You can therefore schedule a task on a remote server if you choose. When you schedule a task on a server, the command returns immediately, yet the task can start later, and might run for a long time before it completes. You can access tasks by using the manage-tasks command.

Although you can schedule a server task on a remote server, the data for the task must be accessible to the server locally. For example, when you schedule a backup task on a remote server, that server writes backup files to a file system on the remote server. Similarly, when you schedule a restore task on a remote server, that server restores backup files from a file system on the remote server.

The reference documentation describes the available options for each command:

  • Configure email notification for success and failure

  • Define alternatives on failure

  • Start tasks immediately (--start 0)

  • Schedule tasks to start at any time in the future

Server recovery

DS servers can restart after a crash or after the server process is killed abruptly. After disorderly shutdown, the DS server must recover its database backends. Generally, DS servers return to service quickly.

Database recovery messages are found in the database log file, such as /path/to/opendj/db/userData/dj.log.

The following example shows two example messages from the recovery log. The first message is written at the beginning of the recovery process. The second message is written at the end of the process:

[/path/to/opendj/db/userData]Recovery underway, found end of log
...
[/path/to/opendj/db/userData]Recovery finished: Recovery Info ...

The JVM’s heap-based database cache is lost when the server stops or crashes. The cache must therefore be reconstructed from the directory database files. Database files might still be in the filesystem cache on restart, but rebuilding the JVM’s heap-based database cache takes time. DS servers start accepting client requests before this process is complete.

Backup and restore

  • Backup archives are not guaranteed to be compatible across major and minor server releases. Restore backups only on directory servers of the same major or minor version.

    To share data between servers of different versions, either use replication, or use LDIF.

  • DS servers use cryptographic keys to sign and verify the integrity of backup files, and to encrypt data. Servers protect these keys by encrypting them with the shared master key for a deployment. For portability, servers store the encrypted keys in the backup files.

    Any server can therefore restore a backup taken with the same server version, as long as it holds a copy of the shared master key used to encrypt the keys.

How backup works

DS directory servers store data in backends. The amount of data in a backend varies depending on your deployment. It can range from very small to very large. A JE backend can hold billions of LDAP entries, for example.

Backup process

A JE backend stores data on disk using append-only log files with names like number.jdb. The JE backend writes updates to the highest-numbered log file. The log files grow until they reach a specified size (default: 1 GB). When the current log file reaches the specified size, the JE backend creates a new log file.

To avoid an endless increase in database size on disk, JE backends clean their log files in the background. A cleaner thread copies active records to new log files. Log files that no longer contain active records are deleted.

The DS backup process takes advantage of this log file structure. Together, a set of log files represents a backend at a point in time. The backup process essentially copies the log files to the backup directory. DS also protects the data and adds metadata to keep track of the log files it needs to restore a JE backend to the state it had when the backup task completed.

Cumulative backups

DS backups are cumulative in nature. Backups reuse the JE files that did not change since the last backup operation. They only copy the JE files the backend created or changed. Files that did not change are shared between backups.

A set of backup files is fully standalone.

Purge old backups

Backup tasks keep JE files until you purge them.

The backup purge operation prevents an endless increase in the size of the backup folder on disk. The purge operation does not happen automatically; you choose to run it. When you run a purge operation, it removes the files for old or selected backups. The purge does not impact the integrity of the backups DS keeps. It only removes log files that do not belong to any remaining backups.

Back up

When you set up a directory server, the process creates a /path/to/opendj/bak/ directory. You can use this for backups if you have enough local disk space, and when developing or testing backup processes. In deployment, store backups remotely to avoid losing your data and backups in the same crash.

Back up data (server task)

When you schedule a backup as a server task, the DS server manages task completion. The server must be running when you schedule the task, and when the task runs:

  1. Schedule the task on a running server, binding as a user with the backend-backup administrative privilege.

    The following example schedules an immediate backup task for the dsEvaluation backend:

    $ dsbackup \
 create \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --backendName dsEvaluation

    To back up all backends, omit the --backendName option.

    To back up more than one backend, specify the --backendName option multiple times.

    For details, refer to dsbackup.

Back up data (scheduled task)

When you schedule a backup as a server task, the DS server manages task completion. The server must be running when you schedule the task, and when the task runs:

  1. Schedule backups using the crontab format with the --recurringTask option.

    The following example schedules nightly online backup of all user data at 2 AM, notifying diradmin@example.com when finished, or on error:

    $ dsbackup \
 create \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --recurringTask "00 02 * * *" \
 --description "Nightly backup at 2 AM" \
 --taskId NightlyBackup \
 --completionNotify diradmin@example.com \
 --errorNotify diradmin@example.com

    For details, refer to dsbackup.

Back up data (external command)

When you back up data without contacting the server, the dsbackup create command runs as an external command, independent of the server process. It backs up the data whether the server is running or not.

When you back up LDIF-based backends with this method, the command does not lock the files. To avoid corrupting the backup files, do not run the dsbackup create --offline command on an LDIF backend simultaneously with any changes to the backend.

This applies to LDIF backends, schema files, and the task backend, for example.

Use this method to schedule backup with a third-party tool, such as the cron command:

  1. Back up data without contacting the server process, and use the --offline option.

    The following example backs up the dsEvaluation backend immediately:

    $ dsbackup \
 create \
 --offline \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --backendName dsEvaluation

    To back up all backends, omit the --backendName option.

    To back up more than one backend, specify the --backendName option multiple times.

    For details, refer to dsbackup.

Back up configuration files

When you back up directory data using the dsbackup command, you do not back up server configuration files. The server stores configuration files under the /path/to/opendj/config/ directory.

The server records snapshots of its configuration under the /path/to/opendj/var/ directory. You can use snapshots to recover from misconfiguration performed with the dsconfig command. Snapshots only reflect the main configuration file, config.ldif.

  1. Stop the server:

    $ stop-ds

  2. Back up the configuration files:

    $ tar -zcvf backup-config-$(date +%s).tar.gz config

    By default, this backup includes the server keystore, so store it securely.

  3. Start the server:

    $ start-ds

Back up using snapshots

ForgeRock recommends using the dsbackup command when possible for backup and restore operations. You can use snapshot technology as an alternative to the dsbackup command, but you must be careful how you use it.

While DS directory servers are running, database backend cleanup operations write data even when there are no pending client or replication operations. An ongoing file system backup operation may record database log files that are not in sync with each other.

Successful recovery after restore is only guaranteed under certain conditions.

The snapshots must:

  • Be atomic, capturing the state of all files at exactly the same time.

    If you are not sure that the snapshot technology is atomic, do not use it. Use the dsbackup command instead.

  • Capture the state of all data (db/) and (changelogDb/) changelog files together.

    When using a file system-level snapshot feature, for example, keep at least all data and changelog files on the same file system. This is the case in a default server setup.

  • Be paired with a specific server configuration.

    A snapshot of all files includes configuration files that may be specific to one DS server, and cannot be restored safely on another DS server with a different configuration. If you restore all system files, this principle applies to system configuration as well.

    For details on making DS configuration files as generic as possible, refer to Property value substitution.

If snapshots in your deployment do not meet these criteria, you must stop the DS server before taking the snapshot. You must also take care not to restore incompatible configuration files.

Restore

After you restore a replicated backend, replication brings it up to date with changes newer than the backup. Replication uses internal change log records to determine which changes to apply. This process happens even if you only have a single server that you configured for replication at setup time (by setting the replication port with the --replicationPort port option). To prevent replication from replaying changes newer than the backup you restore, refer to Disaster recovery.

Replication purges internal change log records, however, to prevent the change log from growing indefinitely. Replication can only bring the backend up to date if the change log still includes the last change backed up.

For this reason, when you restore a replicated backend from backup, the backup must be newer than the last purge of the replication change log (default: 3 days).

If no backups are newer than the replication purge delay, do not restore from a backup. Initialize the replica instead, without using a backup. For details, refer to Manual initialization.

Restore data (server task)

  1. Verify the backup you intend to restore.

    The following example verifies the most recent backup of the dsEvaluation backend:

    $ dsbackup \
 list \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --backendName dsEvaluation \
 --last \
 --verify

  2. Schedule the restore operation as a task, binding as a user with the backend-restore administrative privilege.

    The following example schedules an immediate restore task for the dsEvaluation backend:

    $ dsbackup \
 restore \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --backendName dsEvaluation

    To restore the latest backups of more than one backend, specify the --backendName option multiple times.

    To restore a specific backup, specify the --backupId option. To restore multiple specific backups of different backends, specify the --backupId option multiple times.

    To list backup information without performing verification, use the dsbackup list command without the --verify option. The output includes backup IDs for use with the --backupId option.

    For details, refer to dsbackup.

Restore data (external command)

  1. Stop the server if it is running:

    $ stop-ds --quiet

  2. Verify the backup you intend to restore.

    The following example verifies the most recent backup of the dsEvaluation backend:

    $ dsbackup \
 list \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --backendName dsEvaluation \
 --last \
 --verify

  3. Restore using the --offline option.

    The following example restores the dsEvaluation backend:

    $ dsbackup \
 restore \
 --offline \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --backendName dsEvaluation

    To restore the latest backups of more than one backend, specify the --backendName option multiple times.

    To restore a specific backup, specify the --backupId option. To restore multiple specific backups of different backends, specify the --backupId option multiple times.

    To list backup information without performing verification, use the dsbackup list command without the --verify option. The output includes backup IDs for use with the --backupId option.

    For details, refer to dsbackup.

  4. Start the server:

    $ start-ds --quiet

Restore configuration files

  1. Stop the server:

    $ stop-ds --quiet

  2. Restore the configuration files from the backup, overwriting existing files:

    $ tar -zxvf backup-config-<date>.tar.gz

  3. Start the server:

    $ start-ds --quiet

Restore from a snapshot

ForgeRock recommends using the dsbackup command when possible for backup and restore operations.

You can use snapshot technology as an alternative to the dsbackup command, but you must be careful how you use it. For details, refer to Back up using snapshots.

Take the following points into account before restoring a snapshot:

  • When you restore files for a replicated backend, the snapshot must be newer than the last purge of the replication change log (default: 3 days).

  • Stop the DS server before you restore the files.

  • The DS configuration files in the snapshot must match the configuration where you restore the snapshot.

    If the configuration uses expressions, define their values for the current server before starting DS.

  • When using snapshot files to initialize replication, only restore the data (db/) files for the target backend.

    Depending on the snapshot technology, you might need to restore the files separately, and then move only the target backend files from the restored snapshot.

  • When using snapshot files to restore replicated data to a known state, stop all affected servers before you restore.

Purge old files

Periodically purge old backup files with the dsbackup purge command. The following example removes all backup files older than the default replication purge delay:

$ dsbackup \
 purge \
 --offline \
 --backupLocation bak \
 --olderThan 3d

This example runs the external command without contacting the server process. You can also purge backups by ID, or by backend name, and you can specify the number of backups to keep. For details, refer to dsbackup.

To purge files as a server task, use the task options, such as --recurringTask. The user must have the backend-backup administrative privilege to schedule a purge task.

Cloud storage

You can stream backup files to cloud storage, and restore them directly from cloud storage.

The implementation supports these providers:

  • Amazon AWS S3

  • Azure Cloud Storage

  • Google Cloud Storage

Follow these steps to store backup files in the cloud:

  1. If you upgraded in place from DS 6.5 or earlier, activate cloud storage for backup.

  2. Get a storage account and space from the cloud provider where the server can store backup files.

    This storage space is referred to below as cloud-bak.

  3. Get credentials from the cloud provider.

    The DS server backing up files must have read, write, and delete access. For information about granting access, refer to the access control documentation for your provider.

    If you are not yet familiar with cloud storage, refer to the documentation from your provider for help. The following table provides links to the documentation for supported providers:

    Provider Hints

    Amazon AWS S3

    For details on setting up S3 and working with S3 buckets, refer to the Amazon Web Services documentation on Getting started with Amazon Simple Storage Service.

    Azure Cloud Storage

    DS authenticates to Azure with an Azure storage account. For details, refer to the Microsoft documentation on how to Create an Azure Storage account, or to Create a BlockBlobStorage account.

    Google Cloud Storage

    DS authenticates to Google Cloud with a service account. For details, refer to the Google documentation on Getting Started with Authentication.

    For details about creating and managing storage buckets, refer to the Google How-To documentation on Creating buckets, and Working with buckets.

  4. Set environment variables for the credentials:

    Provider Environment Variable(s)

    Amazon AWS S3

    export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=aws-access-key

    export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=aws-secret-key

    When using temporary credentials, also export the session token:
    export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=aws-session-token

    Azure Cloud Storage

    export AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME=azure-account-name

    export AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY=azure-account-key

    Google Cloud Storage

    export GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS=/path/to/gcp-credentials.json (optional)

  5. Restart the DS server so that it reads the environment variables you set:

    $ stop-ds --restart

  6. Run dsbackup commands with all required provider-specific options.

    The options in the following table use the providers' default storage endpoints:

    Provider Required Options

    Amazon AWS S3

    		 
    --storageProperty s3.keyId.env.var:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
--storageProperty s3.secret.env.var:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
--backupLocation s3://cloud-bak

# When using temporary credentials, also use the session token:
--storageProperty s3.keyId.env.var:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
--storageProperty s3.secret.env.var:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
--storageProperty s3.sessionToken.env.var:AWS_SESSION_TOKEN \
--backupLocation s3://cloud-bak

    Azure Cloud Storage

    		 
    --storageProperty az.accountName.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME \
--storageProperty az.accountKey.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY \
--backupLocation az://cloud-bak

    Google Cloud Storage

    		 
    --storageProperty gs.credentials.path:/path/to/gcp-credentials.json \
--backupLocation gs://cloud-bak

    or

    --storageProperty gs.credentials.env.var:GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS \
--backupLocation gs://cloud-bak

    In production environments, also set the cloud storage endpoint.

    Cloud storage requires working space in the local system temporary directory. Some cloud storage providers require sending the content length with each file.

    To send the correct content length, the dsbackup command writes each prepared backup file to the system temporary directory before upload. It deletes each file after successful upload.

Cloud storage endpoint

Backup to cloud storage can use a default endpoint, which can simplify evaluation and testing.

Control where your backup files go. Add one of the following options:

  • --storage-property endpoint:endpoint-url

  • --storage-property endpoint.env.var:environment-variable-for-endpoint-url

The endpoint-url depends on your provider. Refer to their documentation for details. For Azure cloud storage, the endpoint-url starts with the account name. Examples include https://azure-account-name.blob.core.windows.net, https://${AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME}.blob.core.windows.net, and https://${AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME}.some.private.azure.endpoint.

Cloud storage samples demonstrate how to use the setting.

Cloud storage samples

Click the samples for your storage provider to expand the section and display the commands:

AWS samples 
#
# API keys created through the AWS API gateway console:
#
export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=aws-access-key-id
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=aws-secret-key
# When using temporary credentials:
# export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=aws-session-token

# These samples use the following S3 bucket, and a non-default endpoint:
# S3 bucket: s3://ds-test-backup
# S3 endpoint: https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
#
# When using temporary credentials, also add
# the AWS session token storage property option to each of the commands:
# --storageProperty s3.sessionToken.env.var:AWS_SESSION_TOKEN

# Back up the dsEvaluation backend offline:
dsbackup create --backendName dsEvaluation --offline \
 --backupLocation s3://ds-test-backup \
 --storageProperty s3.keyId.env.var:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
 --storageProperty s3.secret.env.var:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com

# List and verify the latest backup files for each backend at this location:
dsbackup list --verify --last \
 --backupLocation s3://ds-test-backup \
 --storageProperty s3.keyId.env.var:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
 --storageProperty s3.secret.env.var:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com

# Restore dsEvaluation from backup offline:
dsbackup restore --backendName dsEvaluation --offline \
 --backupLocation s3://ds-test-backup \
 --storageProperty s3.keyId.env.var:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
 --storageProperty s3.secret.env.var:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com

# Purge all dsEvaluation backup files:
dsbackup purge --backendName dsEvaluation --keepCount 0 --offline \
 --backupLocation s3://ds-test-backup \
 --storageProperty s3.keyId.env.var:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
 --storageProperty s3.secret.env.var:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
Azure samples 
#
# Credentials for Azure storage, where the Azure account is found in key1 in the Azure console:
#
export AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME=azure-account-name
export AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY=azure-account-key

# These samples use the following Azure storage, and a non-default endpoint:
# Azure storage: az://ds-test-backup/test1
# Azure endpoint: https://${AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME}.blob.core.windows.net

# Back up the dsEvaluation backend offline:
dsbackup create --backendName dsEvaluation --offline \
 --backupLocation az://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty az.accountName.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME \
 --storageProperty az.accountKey.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY \
 --storageProperty "endpoint:https://${AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME}.blob.core.windows.net"

# List and verify the latest backup files for each backend at this location:
dsbackup list --verify --last \
 --backupLocation az://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty az.accountName.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME \
 --storageProperty az.accountKey.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY \
 --storageProperty "endpoint:https://${AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME}.blob.core.windows.net"

# Restore dsEvaluation from backup offline:
dsbackup restore --backendName dsEvaluation --offline \
 --backupLocation az://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty az.accountName.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME \
 --storageProperty az.accountKey.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY \
 --storageProperty "endpoint:https://${AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME}.blob.core.windows.net"

# Purge all dsEvaluation backup files:
dsbackup purge --backendName dsEvaluation --keepCount 0 --offline \
 --backupLocation az://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty az.accountName.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME \
 --storageProperty az.accountKey.env.var:AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY \
 --storageProperty "endpoint:https://${AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME}.blob.core.windows.net"
Google cloud samples 
#
# Credentials generated with and download from the Google cloud console:
#
export GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS=/path/to/gcp-credentials.json

# These samples use the following cloud storage, and endpoint:
# Google storage: gs://ds-test-backup/test1
# Google endpoint: https://www.googleapis.com

# Back up the dsEvaluation backend offline:
dsbackup create --backendName dsEvaluation --offline \
 --backupLocation gs://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty gs.credentials.env.var:GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://www.googleapis.com

# List and verify the latest backup files for each backend at this location:
dsbackup list --verify --last \
 --backupLocation gs://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty gs.credentials.env.var:GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://www.googleapis.com

# Restore dsEvaluation from backup offline:
dsbackup restore --backendName dsEvaluation --offline \
 --backupLocation gs://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty gs.credentials.env.var:GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://www.googleapis.com

# Purge all dsEvaluation backup files:
dsbackup purge --backendName dsEvaluation --keepCount 0 --offline \
 --backupLocation gs://ds-test-backup/test1 \
 --storageProperty gs.credentials.env.var:GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS \
 --storageProperty endpoint:https://www.googleapis.com

Efficiently store backup files

DS backups are collections of files in a backup directory. To restore from backup, DS requires a coherent collection of backup files.

You can use the dsbackup command to purge stale backup files from a backup directory. When you purge stale backup files, the command leaves a coherent collection of files you can use to restore data.

You should also store copies of backup files remotely to guard against the loss of data in a disaster.

Remote storage

Perform the following steps to store copies of backup files remotely in an efficient way. These steps address backup of directory data, which is potentially very large, not backup of configuration data, which is almost always small:

  1. Choose a local directory or local network directory to hold backup files.

    Alternatively, you can back up to cloud storage.

  2. Schedule a regular backup task to back up files to the directory you chose.

    Make sure that the backup task runs more often than the replication purge delay. For example, schedule the backup task to run every three hours for a default purge delay of three days. Each time the task runs, it backs up only new directory backend files.

    For details, refer to the steps for backing up directory data.

  3. Store copies of the local backup files at a remote location for safekeeping:

    1. Purge old files in the local backup directory.

      As described in How backup works, DS backups are cumulative in nature; DS reuses common data that has not changed from previous backup operations when backing up data again. The set of backup files is fully standalone.

      The purge removes stale files without impacting the integrity of newer backups, reducing the volume of backup files to store when you copy files remotely.

    2. Regularly copy the backup directory and all the files it holds to a remote location.

      For example, copy all local backup files every day to a remote directory called bak-date:

      $ ssh user@remote-storage mkdir /path/to/bak-date
$ scp -R /path/to/bak/* user@remote-storage:/path/to/bak-date/

  4. Remove old bak-date directories from remote storage in accordance with the backup policy for the deployment.

Restore from remote backup

For each DS directory server to restore:

  1. Install DS using the same cryptographic keys and deployment ID.

    Backup files are protected using keys derived from the DS deployment ID and password. You must use the same ones when recovering from a disaster.

  2. Restore configuration files.

  3. Restore directory data from the latest remote backup folder.

After restoring all directory servers, validate that the restore procedure was a success.

Disaster recovery

Directory services are critical to authentication, session management, authorization, and more. When directory services are broken, quick recovery is a must.

In DS directory services, a disaster is a serious data problem affecting the entire replication topology. Replication can’t help you recover from a disaster because it replays data changes everywhere.

Disaster recovery comes with a service interruption, the loss of recent changes, and a reset for replication. It is rational in the event of a real disaster. It’s unnecessary to follow the disaster recovery procedure for a hardware failure or a server that’s been offline too long and needs reinitialization. Even if you lose most of your DS servers, you can still rebuild the service without interruption or data loss.

For disaster recovery to be quick, you must prepare in advance.

Don’t go to production until you have successfully tested your disaster recovery procedures.

The following example helps prepare to recover from a disaster. It shows the following tasks:

  • Back up a DS directory service.

  • Restore the service to a known state.

  • Validate the procedure.

Tasks

The following tasks demonstrate a disaster recovery procedure on a single computer two replicated DS servers set up for evaluation.

In deployment, the procedure involves multiple computers, but the order and content of the tasks remain the same. Before you perform the procedure in production, make sure you have copies of the following:

  • The deployment description, documentation, plans, runbooks, and scripts.

  • The system configuration and software, including the Java installation.

  • The DS software and any customizations, plugins, or extensions.

  • A recent backup of any external secrets required, such as an HSM or a CA key.

  • A recent backup of each server’s configuration files, matching the production configuration.

  • The deployment ID and password.

This procedure applies to DS versions providing the dsrepl disaster-recovery command.

For deployments with any earlier DS servers that don’t provide the command, you can’t use this procedure. Instead, refer to How do I perform disaster recovery steps in DS (All versions)?

Disaster recovery has these characteristics:

  • You perform disaster recovery on a stopped server, one server at a time.

  • Disaster recovery is per base DN, like replication.

  • On each server you recover, you use the same disaster recovery ID, a unique identifier for this recovery.

To minimize the service interruption, this example recovers the servers one by one. It is also possible to perform disaster recovery in parallel by stopping and starting all servers together.

Task 1: Back up directory data

Back up data while the directory service is running smoothly. For additional details, refer to Backup and restore.

  1. Back up the directory data.

    The following command backs up directory data created for evaluation:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/dsbackup \
 create \
 --start 0 \
 --backupLocation /path/to/opendj/bak \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin

    The command returns, and the DS server runs the backup task in the background.

    When adapting the recovery process for deployment, schedule a backup task to run regularly for each database backend.

  2. Check the backup task finishes successfully:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/manage-tasks \
 --summary \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

    The status of the backup task is "Completed successfully" when it is done.

Recovery from disaster means stopping the directory service and losing the latest changes. The more recent the backup, the fewer changes you lose during recovery. Backup operations are cumulative, so you can schedule them regularly without using too much disk space as long as you purge outdated backup files. As you script your disaster recovery procedures for deployment, schedule a recurring backup task to have safe, current, and complete backup files for each backend.

Task 2: Recover from a disaster

This task restores the directory data from backup files created before the disaster. Adapt this procedure as necessary if you have multiple directory backends to recover.

All changes since the last backup operation are lost.

Subtasks:

Prepare for recovery

  1. If you have lost DS servers, replace them with servers configured as before the disaster.

    In this example, no servers were lost. Reuse the existing servers.

  2. On each replica, prevent applications from making changes to the backend for the affected base DN. Changes made during recovery would be lost or could not be replicated:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/dsconfig \
 set-backend-prop \
 --backend-name dsEvaluation \
 --set writability-mode:internal-only \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

$ /path/to/replica/bin/dsconfig \
 set-backend-prop \
 --backend-name dsEvaluation \
 --set writability-mode:internal-only \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 14444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

    In this example, the first server’s administrative port is 4444. The second server’s administrative port is 14444.

Recover the first directory server

DS uses the disaster recovery ID to set the generation ID, an internal, shorthand form of the initial replication state. Replication only works when the data for the base DN share the same generation ID on each server.

There are two approaches to using the dsrepl disaster-recovery command. Use one or the other:

  • (Recommended) Let DS generate the disaster recovery ID on a first replica. Use the generated ID on all other servers you recover.

    When you use the generated ID, the dsrepl disaster-recovery command verifies each server you recover has the same initial replication state as the first server.

  • Use the recovery ID of your choice on all servers.

    Don’t use this approach if the replication topology includes one or more standalone replication servers. It won’t work.

    This approach works when you can’t define a "first" replica, for example, because you’ve automated the recovery process in an environment where the order of recovery is not deterministic.

    When you choose the recovery ID, the dsrepl disaster-recovery command doesn’t verify the data match. The command uses your ID as the random seed when calculating the new generation ID. For the new generation IDs to match, your process must have restored the same data on each server. Otherwise, replication won’t work between servers whose data does not match.

    If you opt for this approach, skip these steps. Instead, proceed to Recover remaining servers.

Don’t mix the two approaches in the same disaster recovery procedure. Use the generated recovery ID or the recovery ID of your choice, but do not use both.

This process generates the disaster recovery ID to use when recovering the other servers.

  1. Stop the directory server you use to start the recovery process:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/stop-ds

  2. Restore the affected data on this directory server:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/dsbackup \
 restore \
 --offline \
 --backendName dsEvaluation \
 --backupLocation /path/to/opendj/bak

    Changes to the affected data that happened after the backup are lost. Use the most recent backup files prior to the disaster.

    This approach to restoring data works in deployments with the same DS server version. When all DS servers share the same DS version, you can restore all the DS directory servers from the same backup data.

    Backup archives are not guaranteed to be compatible across major and minor server releases. Restore backups only on directory servers of the same major or minor version.

  3. Run the command to begin the disaster recovery process.

    When this command completes successfully, it displays the disaster recovery ID:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/dsrepl \
 disaster-recovery \
 --baseDn dc=example,dc=com \
 --generate-recovery-id \
 --no-prompt
Disaster recovery id: <generatedId>

    Record the <generatedId>. You will use it to recover all other servers.

  4. Start the recovered server:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/start-ds

  5. Test the data you restored is what you expect.

  6. Start backing up the recovered directory data.

    As explained in New backup after recovery, you can no longer rely on pre-recovery backup data after disaster recovery.

  7. Allow external applications to make changes to directory data again:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/dsconfig \
 set-backend-prop \
 --backend-name dsEvaluation \
 --set writability-mode:enabled \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

You have recovered this replica and begun to bring the service back online. To enable replication with other servers to resume, recover the remaining servers.

Recover remaining servers

Make sure you have a disaster recovery ID. Use the same ID for all DS servers in this recovery procedure:

  • (Recommended) If you generated the ID as described in Recover the first directory server, use it.

  • If not, use a unique ID of your choosing for this recovery procedure.

    For example, you could use the date at the time you begin the procedure.

You can perform this procedure in parallel on all remaining servers or on one server at a time. For each server:

  1. Stop the server:

    $ /path/to/replica/bin/stop-ds

  2. Unless the server is a standalone replication server, restore the affected data:

    $ /path/to/replica/bin/dsbackup \
 restore \
 --offline \
 --backendName dsEvaluation \
 --backupLocation /path/to/opendj/bak

  3. Run the recovery command.

    The following command uses a generated ID. It verifies this server’s data matches the first server you recovered:

    $ export DR_ID=<generatedId>
$ /path/to/replica/bin/dsrepl \
 disaster-recovery \
 --baseDn dc=example,dc=com \
 --generated-id ${DR_ID} \
 --no-prompt

    If the recovery ID is a unique ID of your choosing, use dsrepl disaster-recovery --baseDn <base-dn> --user-generated-id <recoveryId> instead. This alternative doesn’t verify the data on each replica match and won’t work if the replication topology includes one or more standalone replication servers.

  4. Start the recovered server:

    $ /path/to/replica/bin/start-ds

  5. If this is a directory server, test the data you restored is what you expect.

  6. If this is a directory server, allow external applications to make changes to directory data again:

    $ /path/to/replica/bin/dsconfig \
 set-backend-prop \
 --backend-name dsEvaluation \
 --set writability-mode:enabled \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 14444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

After completing these steps for all servers, you have restored the directory service and recovered from the disaster.

Validation

After recovering from the disaster, validate replication works as expected. Use the following steps as a simple guide.

  1. Modify an entry on one replica.

    The following command updates Babs Jensen’s description to Post recovery:

    $ /path/to/opendj/bin/ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDn uid=bjensen,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword hifalutin <<EOF
dn: uid=bjensen,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
replace: description
description: Post recovery
EOF
# MODIFY operation successful for DN uid=bjensen,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com

  2. Read the modified entry on another replica:

    $ /path/to/replica/bin/ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 11636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=bjensen,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword hifalutin \
 --baseDn dc=example,dc=com \
 "(cn=Babs Jensen)" \
 description
dn: uid=bjensen,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
description: Post recovery

You have shown the recovery procedure succeeded.

Before deployment

When planning to deploy disaster recovery procedures, take these topics into account.

Recover before the purge delay

When recovering from backup, you must complete the recovery procedure while the backup is newer than the replication delay.

If this is not possible for all servers, recreate the remaining servers from scratch after recovering as many servers as possible and taking a new backup.

New backup after recovery

Disaster recovery resets the replication generation ID to a different format than you get when importing new directory data.

After disaster recovery, you can no longer use existing backup files for the recovered base DN. Directory servers can only replicate data under a base DN with directory servers having the same generation ID. The old backups no longer have the right generation IDs.

Instead, immediately after recovery, back up data from the recovered base DN and use the new backups going forward.

You can purge older backup files to prevent someone accidentally restoring from a backup with an outdated generation ID.

Change notifications reset

Disaster recovery clears the changelog for the recovered base DN.

If you use change number indexing for the recovered base DN, disaster recovery resets the change number.

Standalone servers

If you have standalone replication servers and directory servers, you might not want to recover them all at once.

Instead, in each region, alternate between recovering a standalone directory server then a standalone replication server to reduce the time to recovery.

Reference material

Reference

Description

About replication

In-depth introduction to replication concepts

Backup and restore

The basics, plus backing up to the cloud and using filesystem snapshots

Cryptographic keys

About keys, including those for encrypting and decrypting backup files

Data storage

Details about exporting and importing LDIF, common data stores

Accounts

Account lockout

Account lockout settings are part of password policy. The server locks an account after the specified number of consecutive authentication failures. For example, users are allowed three consecutive failures before being locked out for five minutes. Failures themselves expire after five minutes.

The aim of account lockout is not to punish users who mistype their passwords. It protects the directory when an attacker attempts to guess a user password with repeated attempts to bind.

Account lockout is not transactional across a replication topology. Under normal circumstances, replication propagates lockout quickly. If replication is ever delayed, an attacker with direct access to multiple replicas could try to authenticate up to the specified number of times on each replica before being locked out on all replicas.

The following command adds a replicated password policy to activate lockout:

$ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password << EOF
dn: cn=Lock after three failures,dc=example,dc=com
objectClass: top
objectClass: subentry
objectClass: ds-pwp-password-policy
cn: Lock after three failures
ds-pwp-password-attribute: userPassword
ds-pwp-default-password-storage-scheme: PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256
ds-pwp-lockout-failure-expiration-interval: 5 m
ds-pwp-lockout-duration: 5 m
ds-pwp-lockout-failure-count: 3
subtreeSpecification: { base "ou=people" }
EOF

Users with this policy are locked out after three failed attempts in succession:

$ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN "uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" \
 --bindPassword hifalutin \
 --baseDN dc=example,dc=com \
 uid=bjensen \
 mail

dn: uid=bjensen,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
mail: bjensen@example.com

$ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN "uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" \
 --bindPassword fatfngrs \
 --baseDN dc=example,dc=com \
 uid=bjensen \
 mail

The LDAP bind request failed: 49 (Invalid Credentials)

$ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN "uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" \
 --bindPassword fatfngrs \
 --baseDN dc=example,dc=com \
 uid=bjensen \
 mail

The LDAP bind request failed: 49 (Invalid Credentials)

$ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN "uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" \
 --bindPassword fatfngrs \
 --baseDN dc=example,dc=com \
 uid=bjensen \
 mail

The LDAP bind request failed: 49 (Invalid Credentials)

$ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN "uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" \
 --bindPassword hifalutin \
 --baseDN dc=example,dc=com \
 uid=bjensen \
 mail

The LDAP bind request failed: 49 (Invalid Credentials)

Account management

Disable an account

  1. Make sure the user running the manage-account command has access to perform the appropriate operations.

    Kirsten Vaughan is a member of the Directory Administrators group. For this example, she must have the password-reset privilege, and access to edit user attributes and operational attributes:

    $ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password << EOF
dn: uid=kvaughan,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: ds-privilege-name
ds-privilege-name: password-reset

dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (target="ldap:///ou=People,dc=example,dc=com")(targetattr ="*||+")
 (version 3.0;acl "Admins can run amok"; allow(all)
  groupdn = "ldap:///cn=Directory Administrators,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com";)
EOF

    Notice here that the directory superuser, uid=admin, assigns privileges. Any administrator with the privilege-change privilege can assign privileges. However, if the administrator can update administrator privileges, they can assign themselves the bypass-acl privilege. Then they are no longer bound by access control instructions, including both user data ACIs and global ACIs. For this reason, do not assign the privilege-change privilege to normal administrator users.

  2. Set the account status to disabled:

    $ manage-account \
 set-account-is-disabled \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=kvaughan,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword bribery \
 --operationValue true \
 --targetDN uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin

Account Is Disabled:  true

Activate a disabled account

  1. Clear the disabled status:

    $ manage-account \
 set-account-is-disabled \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=kvaughan,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword bribery \
 --operationValue false \
 --targetDN uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin

Account Is Disabled:  false

Account status notifications

DS servers can send mail about account status changes. The DS server needs an SMTP server to send messages, and needs templates for the mail it sends. By default, message templates are in English, and found in the /path/to/opendj/config/messages/ directory.

DS servers generate notifications only when the server writes to an entry or evaluates a user entry for authentication. A server generates account enabled and account disabled notifications when the user account is enabled or disabled with the manage-account command. A server generates password expiration notifications when a user tries to bind.

For example, if you configure a notification for password expiration, that notification gets triggered when the user authenticates during the password expiration warning interval. The server does not automatically scan entries to send password expiry notifications.

DS servers implement controls that you can pass in an LDAP search to determine whether a user’s password is about to expire. Refer to Supported LDAP controls for a list. Your script or client application can send notifications based on the results of the search.

Send account status mail

  1. Configure an SMTP server to use when sending messages:

    $ dsconfig \
 create-mail-server \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --server-name "SMTP server" \
 --set enabled:true \
 --set auth-username:mail.user \
 --set auth-password:password \
 --set smtp-server:smtp.example.com:587 \
 --set trust-manager-provider:"JVM Trust Manager" \
 --set use-start-tls:true \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

  2. Prepare the DS server to mail users about account status.

    The following example configures the server to send text-format mail messages:

    $ dsconfig \
 set-account-status-notification-handler-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --handler-name "SMTP Handler" \
 --set enabled:true \
 --set email-address-attribute-type:mail \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

    Notice that the server finds the user’s mail address on the attribute on the user’s entry, specified by email-address-attribute-type. You can also configure the message-subject and message-template-file properties. Use interactive mode to make the changes.

    You find templates for messages by default under the config/messages directory. Edit the templates as necessary.

    If you edit the templates to send HTML rather than text messages, then set the advanced property, send-email-as-html:

    $ dsconfig \
 set-account-status-notification-handler-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --handler-name "SMTP Handler" \
 --set enabled:true \
 --set send-email-as-html:true \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

  3. Adjust applicable password policies to use the account status notification handler you configured:

    $ dsconfig \
 set-password-policy-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --policy-name "Default Password Policy" \
 --set account-status-notification-handler:"SMTP Handler" \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

    When configuring a subentry password policy, set the ds-pwp-account-status-notification-handler attribute, an attribute of the ds-pwp-password-policy object class.

Message templates

When editing the config/messages templates, use the following tokens, which the server replaces with text:

%%notification-type%%

The name of the notification type.

%%notification-message%%

The message for the notification.

%%notification-user-dn%%

The string representation of the user DN that is the target of the notification.

%%notification-user-attr:attrname%%

The value of the attribute specified by attrname from the user’s entry.

If the specified attribute has multiple values, then this is the first value encountered. If the specified attribute does not have any values, then this is an empty string.

%%notification-property:propname%%

The value of the specified property.

If the specified property has multiple values, then this is the first value encountered. If the specified property does not have any values, then this is an empty string.

Valid propname values include the following:

  • account-unlock-time

  • new-password

  • old-password

  • password-expiration-time

  • password-policy-dn

  • seconds-until-expiration

  • seconds-until-unlock

  • time-until-expiration

  • time-until-unlock

Resource limits

Search limits

You can set limits on search operations:

  • The size limit sets the maximum number of entries returned for a search.

    The default size limit of 1000 is set by the global server property size-limit.

    You can override the limit per user with the operational attribute, ds-rlim-size-limit.

    Search requests can include a size limit setting. The ldapsearch command has a --sizeLimit option.

  • The time limit defines the maximum processing time for a search operation.

    The default time limit of 1 minute is set by the global server property time-limit.

    You can override the limit on a per user basis with the operational attribute, ds-rlim-time-limit. Times for ds-rlim-time-limit are expressed in seconds.

    In addition, search requests themselves can include a time limit setting. The ldapsearch command has an --timeLimit option.

  • The idle time limit defines how long an idle connection remains open.

    No default idle time limit is set. You can set an idle time limit by using the global server property idle-time-limit.

    You can override the limit on a per user basis with the operational attribute, ds-rlim-idle-time-limit. Times for ds-rlim-idle-time-limit are expressed in seconds.

  • The maximum number of persistent searches is set by the global server property max-psearches.

Set limits for a user

  1. Give an administrator access to update the operational attributes related to search limits:

    $ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password << EOF
dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: aci
aci: (targetattr = "ds-rlim-time-limit||ds-rlim-size-limit")
 (version 3.0;acl "Allow Kirsten Vaughan to manage search limits";
 allow (all) (userdn = "ldap:///uid=kvaughan,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com");)
EOF

  2. Change the user entry to set the limits to override:

    $ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=kvaughan,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword bribery << EOF
dn: uid=bjensen,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: ds-rlim-size-limit
ds-rlim-size-limit: 10
EOF

    When Babs Jensen performs an indexed search returning more than 10 entries, she reads the following message:

    $ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=bjensen,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword hifalutin \
 --baseDN dc=example,dc=com \
 "(sn=jensen)"

# The LDAP search request failed: 4 (Size Limit Exceeded)
# Additional Information:  This search operation has sent the maximum of 10 entries to the client

Set limits for users in a group

  1. Give an administrator the privilege to write subentries:

    $ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password << EOF
dn: uid=kvaughan,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
add: ds-privilege-name
ds-privilege-name: subentry-write
EOF

    Notice here that the directory superuser, uid=admin, assigns privileges. Any administrator with the privilege-change privilege can assign privileges. However, if the administrator can update administrator privileges, they can assign themselves the bypass-acl privilege. Then they are no longer bound by access control instructions, including both user data ACIs and global ACIs. For this reason, do not assign the privilege-change privilege to normal administrator users.

  2. Create an LDAP subentry to specify the limits using collective attributes:

    $ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=kvaughan,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword bribery << EOF
dn: cn=Remove Administrator Search Limits,dc=example,dc=com
objectClass: collectiveAttributeSubentry
objectClass: extensibleObject
objectClass: subentry
objectClass: top
cn: Remove Administrator Search Limits
ds-rlim-size-limit;collective: 0
ds-rlim-time-limit;collective: 0
subtreeSpecification: {base "ou=people", specificationFilter
  "(isMemberOf=cn=Directory Administrators,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com)" }
EOF

    The base entry identifies the branch that holds administrator entries. For details on how subentries apply, refer to About subentry scope.

  3. Check the results:

    $ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=kvaughan,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --bindPassword bribery \
 --baseDN uid=kvaughan,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com \
 --searchScope base \
 "(&)" \
 ds-rlim-time-limit ds-rlim-size-limit

dn: uid=kvaughan,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
ds-rlim-size-limit: 0
ds-rlim-time-limit: 0

Limit persistent searches

An LDAP persistent search maintains an open a connection that may be idle for long periods of time. Whenever a modification changes data in the search scope, the server returns a search result. The more concurrent persistent searches, the more work the server has to do for each modification:

  1. Set the global property max-psearches to limit total concurrent persistent searches.

    The following example limits the maximum number of persistent searchees to 30:

    $ dsconfig \
 set-global-configuration-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --set max-psearches:30 \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Connection limits

Limit total connections

Each connection uses memory. On Linux systems, each connection uses an available file descriptor.

To limit the total number of concurrent client connections that the server accepts, use the global setting max-allowed-client-connections. The following example sets the limit to 64K. 64K is the minimum number of file descriptors that should be available to the DS server:

$ dsconfig \
 set-global-configuration-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --set max-allowed-client-connections:65536 \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Restrict who can connect

To restrict which clients can connect to the server, use the global setting allowed-client, or denied-client. The following example restricts access to clients from the example.com domain:

$ dsconfig \
 set-global-configuration-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --set allowed-client:example.com \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Set these properties per Connection Handler. The settings on a connection handler override the global settings.

Limit connections per client

To limit the number of concurrent connections from a client, use the global settings restricted-client, and restricted-client-connection-limit. The following example sets the limit for all clients on the 10.0.0.* network to 1000 concurrent connections:

$ dsconfig \
 set-global-configuration-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --set restricted-client:"10.0.0.*" \
 --set restricted-client-connection-limit:1000 \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Set these properties per Connection Handler. The settings on a connection handler override the global settings.

The server applies the properties in this order:

  1. If the denied-client property is set, the server denies connections from any client matching the settings.

  2. If the restricted-client property is set, the server checks the number of connections from any client matching the settings.

    If a matching client exceeds restricted-client-connection-limit connections, the server refuses additional connections.

  3. If the allowed-client property is set, the server allows connections from any client matching the settings.

  4. If none of the properties are set, the server allows connections from any client.

Idle time limits

If client applications leave connections idle for long periods, you can drop their connections by setting the global configuration property idle-time-limit. By default, no idle time limit is set.

If your network is configured to drop connections that have been idle for some time, set the DS idle time limit to a lower value than the idle time limit for the network. This helps to ensure that idle connections are shut down in orderly fashion. Setting the DS limit lower than the network limit is particularly useful with networks that drop idle connections without cleanly closing the connection and notifying the client and server.

DS servers do not enforce idle timeout for persistent searches.

The following example sets the idle-time-limit to 24 hours:

$ dsconfig \
 set-global-configuration-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --set idle-time-limit:24h \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Request size limits

The default maximum request size is 5 MB. This is sufficient for most deployments. In cases where clients add groups with large numbers of members, requests can exceed the 5 MB limit.

The following example increases the limit to 20 MB for the LDAP connection handler:

$ dsconfig \
 set-connection-handler-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --handler-name LDAP \
 --set max-request-size:20mb \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

This setting affects only the size of requests, not responses.

Move a server

The following procedure moves a server to the new host new-server.example.com. The steps skip creation of system accounts, startup scripts, and registration as a Windows service:

  1. Stop the server:

    $ stop-ds

  2. Renew the server certificate to account for the new hostname.

    Skip this step if the server certificate is a wildcard certificate that is already valid for the new hostname.

    The following command renews the server certificate generated with a deployment ID and password:

    $ dskeymgr \
 create-tls-key-pair \
 --deploymentId $DEPLOYMENT_ID \
 --deploymentIdPassword password \
 --keyStoreFile /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --keyStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --hostname localhost \
 --hostname new-server.example.com \
 --subjectDn CN=DS,O=ForgeRock

    For more command options, refer to dskeymgr. The default validity for the certificate is one year.

  3. Find and replace the old hostname with the new hostname in the server’s configuration file, config/config.ldif.

    The following list includes configuration settings that may specify the server hostname:

    • ds-cfg-advertised-listen-address

    • ds-cfg-bootstrap-replication-server

    • ds-cfg-listen-address

    • ds-cfg-server-fqdn

    • ds-cfg-source-address

  4. Move all files in the /path/to/opendj directory to the new server.

  5. Start the server:

    $ start-ds

  6. If the server you moved is referenced by others as a replication bootstrap server, update the replication bootstrap server configuration on those servers.

Performance tuning

Performance requirements

Your key performance requirement is to satisfy your users or customers with the resources available to you. Before you can solve potential performance problems, define what those users or customers expect. Determine which resources you will have to satisfy their expectations.

Service level objectives

A service level objective (SLO) is a target for a directory service level that you can measure quantitatively. If possible, base SLOs on what your key users expect from the service in terms of performance.

Define SLOs for at least the following areas:

  • Directory service response times

    Directory service response times range from less than a millisecond on average, across a low latency connection on the same network, to however long it takes your network to deliver the response.

    More important than average or best response times is the response time distribution, because applications set timeouts based on worst case scenarios.

    An example response time performance requirement is, Directory response times must average less than 10 milliseconds for all operations except searches returning more than 10 entries, with 99.9% of response times under 40 milliseconds.

  • Directory service throughput

    Directories can serve many thousands of operations per second. In fact there is no upper limit for read operations such as searches, because only write operations must be replicated. To increase read throughput, simply add additional replicas.

    More important than average throughput is peak throughput. You might have peak write throughput in the middle of the night when batch jobs update entries in bulk, and peak binds for a special event or first thing Monday morning.

    An example throughput performance requirement is, The directory service must sustain a mix of 5,000 operations per second made up of 70% reads, 25% modifies, 3% adds, and 2% deletes.

    Ideally, you mimic the behavior of key operations during performance testing, so that you understand the patterns of operations in the throughput you need to provide.

  • Directory service availability

    DS software is designed to let you build directory services that are basically available, including during maintenance and even upgrade of individual servers.

    To reach very high levels of availability, you must also ensure that your operations execute in a way that preserves availability.

    Availability requirements can be as lax as a best effort, or as stringent as 99.999% or more uptime.

    Replication is the DS feature that allows you to build a highly available directory service.

  • Directory service administrative support

    Be sure to understand how you support your users when they run into trouble.

    While directory services can help you turn password management into a self-service visit to a web site, some users still need to know what they can expect if they need your help.

Creating an SLO, even if your first version consists of guesses, helps you reduce performance tuning from an open-ended project to a clear set of measurable goals for a manageable project with a definite outcome.

Resource constraints

With your SLOs in hand, inventory the server, networks, storage, people, and other resources at your disposal. Now is the time to estimate whether it is possible to meet the requirements at all.

If, for example, you are expected to serve more throughput than the network can transfer, maintain high-availability with only one physical machine, store 100 GB of backups on a 50 GB partition, or provide 24/7 support all alone, no amount of tuning will fix the problem.

When checking that the resources you have at least theoretically suffice to meet your requirements, do not forget that high availability in particular requires at least two of everything to avoid single points of failure. Be sure to list the resources you expect to have, when and how long you expect to have them, and why you need them. Make note of what is missing and why.

Server hardware

DS servers are pure Java applications, making them very portable. DS servers tend to perform best on single-board, x86 systems due to low memory latency.

Storage

High-performance storage is essential for handling high-write throughput. When the database stays fully cached in memory, directory read operations do not result in disk I/O. Only writes result in disk I/O. You can further improve write performance by using solid-state disks for storage or file system cache.

DS directory servers are designed to work with local storage for database backends. Do not use network file systems, such as NFS, where there is no guarantee that a single process has access to files.

Storage area networks (SANs) and attached storage are fine for use with DS directory servers.

Regarding database size on disk, sustained write traffic can cause the database to grow to more than twice its initial size on disk. This is normal behavior. The size on disk does not impact the DB cache size requirements.

Linux file systems

Write barriers and journaling mode for Linux file systems help avoid directory database file corruption. They make sure writes to the file system are ordered even after a crash or power failure. Make sure these features are enabled.

Some Linux distributions permanently enable write barriers. There is no administrative action to take.

Other Linux systems leave the decision to you. If your Linux system lets you configure write barriers and journaling mode for the file system, refer to the options for your file system in the mount command manual page for details on enabling them.

Performance tests

Even if you do not need high availability, you still need two of everything, because your test environment needs to mimic your production environment as closely as possible.

In your test environment, set up DS servers just as you do in production. Conduct experiments to determine how to best meet your SLOs.

The following command-line tools help with basic performance testing:

  • The makeldif command generates sample data with great flexibility.

  • The addrate command measures add and delete throughput and response time.

  • The authrate command measures bind throughput and response time.

  • The modrate command measures modification throughput and response time.

  • The searchrate command measures search throughput and response time.

All *rate commands display response time distributions measurements, and support testing at specified levels of throughput.

For additional precision when evaluating response times, use the global configuration setting etime-resolution. To change elapsed processing time resolution from milliseconds (default) to nanoseconds:

$ dsconfig \
 set-global-configuration-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --set etime-resolution:nanoseconds \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

The etime, recorded in the server access log, indicates the elapsed time to process the request. The etime starts when the decoded operation is available to be processed by a worker thread.

Test performance with your production-ready configuration. If, however, you simply want to demonstrate top performance, take the following points into account:

  • Incorrect JVM tuning slows down server and tool performance.

    Make sure the JVM is tuned for best performance. For details, refer to Java settings.

  • Unfiltered access logs record messages for each client request. Turn off full access logging.

    For example, set enabled:false for the Json File-Based Access Logger log publisher, and any other unfiltered log publishers that are enabled.

  • Secure connections are recommended, and they can be costly.

    Set require-secure-authentication:false in the password policies governing the bind entries, and bind using insecure connections.

Performance settings

Use the following suggestions when your tests show that DS performance is lacking, even though you have the right underlying network, hardware, storage, and system resources in place.

Maximum open files

DS servers must open many file descriptors when handling thousands of client connections.

Linux systems often set a limit of 1024 per user. That setting is too low to accept thousands of client connections.

Make sure the server can use at least 64K (65536) file descriptors. For example, when running the server as user opendj on a Linux system that uses /etc/security/limits.conf to set user level limits, set soft and hard limits by adding these lines to the file:

opendj soft nofile 65536
opendj hard nofile 131072

The example above assumes the system has enough file descriptors available overall. Check the Linux system overall maximum as follows:

$ cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
204252

Linux page caching

Default Linux virtual memory settings cause significant buildup of dirty data pages before flushing them. When the kernel finally flushes the pages to disk, the operation can exhaust the disk I/O for up to several seconds. Application operations waiting on the file system to synchronize to disk are blocked.

The default virtual memory settings can therefore cause DS server operations to block for seconds at a time. Symptoms included high outlier etimes, even for very low average etimes. For sustained high loads, such as import operations, the server has to maintain thousands of open file descriptors.

To avoid these problems, tune Linux page caching. As a starting point for testing and tuning, set vm.dirty_background_bytes to one quarter of the disk I/O per second, and vm.dirty_expire_centisecs to 1000 (10 seconds) using the sysctl command. This causes the kernel to flush more often, and limits the pauses to a maximum of 250 milliseconds.

For example, if the disk I/O is 80 MB/second for writes, the following example shows an appropriate starting point. It updates the /etc/sysctl.conf file to change the setting permanently, and uses the sysctl -p command to reload the settings:

$ echo vm.dirty_background_bytes=20971520 | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
[sudo] password for admin:

$ echo vm.dirty_expire_centisecs=1000 | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

$ sudo sysctl -p
vm.dirty_background_bytes = 20971520
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 1000

Be sure to test and adjust the settings for your deployment.

For additional details, refer to the Oracle documentation on Linux Page Cache Tuning, and the Linux sysctl command virtual memory kernel reference.

Java settings

Default Java settings let you evaluate DS servers using limited system resources. For production systems, test and run with a tuned JVM.

To apply JVM settings, either:

  • Set the OPENDJ_JAVA_ARGS environment variable and restart the server:

    export OPENDJ_JAVA_ARGS="-Xmx<size> -XX:MaxTenuringThreshold=1 -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/urandom"

  • Edit config/java.properties to update start-ds.java-args and restart the server:

    start-ds.java-args=-server -Xmx<size> -XX:MaxTenuringThreshold=1 -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/urandom

    As the name indicates, the start-ds.java-args settings apply only to the start-ds command. To set JVM options for offline LDIF import, edit import-ldif.offline.java-args, for example.

  1. Use the most recent supported Java environment.

    Refer to the release notes section on Java for details.

  2. Set the maximum heap size with -Xmx<size>.

    Use at least a 2 GB heap unless your data set is small.

    For additional details, refer to Cache internal nodes.

    For Java 17, there is no need to set the minimum heap size. If you use Java 11, set the minimum heap size to the same value as the maximum heap size.

  3. Use the default garbage collection (GC) settings, equivalent to -XX:+UseG1GC.

  4. Set the maximum tenuring threshold to reduce unnecessary copying with -XX:MaxTenuringThreshold=1.

    This option sets the maximum number of GC cycles an object stays in survivor spaces before it is promoted into the old generation space. The recommended setting reduces the new generation GC frequency and duration. The JVM quickly promotes long-lived objects to the old generation space, rather than letting them accumulate in new generation survivor spaces, copying them for each GC cycle.

  5. (Optional) Review the following additional details for specific use cases:

    -XX:+DisableExplicitGC

    When using JMX, add this option to the list of start-ds.java-args arguments to avoid periodic full GC events.

    JMX is based on RMI, which uses references to objects. By default, the JMX client and server perform a full GC periodically to clean up stale references. As a result, the default settings cause JMX to cause a full GC every hour.

    Avoid using this argument with import-ldif.offline.java-args or when using the import-ldif command. The import process uses GC to manage memory and references to memory-mapped files.

    -Xlog:gc=level:file

    When diagnosing JVM tuning problems, log GC messages. You can turn the option off when everything is running smoothly.

    Always specify the output file for the GC log. Otherwise, the JVM logs the messages to the opendj/logs/server.out file, mixing them with other messages, such as stack traces from the supportextract command.

    For example, -Xlog:gc=info:file=/path/to/gc.log logs informational GC messages to the file, /path/to/gc.log.

    For details, use the java -Xlog:help command.

    -XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1

    When trying to reduce startup time for short-lived client tools, such as the ldapsearch command, use this setting as shown.

ForgeRock does not recommend using ZGC or huge pages at this time.

Data storage settings

By default, DS servers compress attribute descriptions and object class sets to reduce data size. This is called compact encoding.

By default, DS servers do not compress entries stored in its backend database. If your entries hold values that compress well, such as text, you can gain space. Set the backend property entries-compressed:true, and reimport the data from LDIF. The DS server compresses entries before writing them to the database:

$ dsconfig \
 set-backend-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --backend-name dsEvaluation \
 --set entries-compressed:true \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

$ import-ldif \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --ldifFile backup.ldif \
 --backendID dsEvaluation \
 --includeBranch dc=example,dc=com \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin

DS directory servers do not proactively rewrite all entries after you change the settings. To force the DS server to compress all entries, you must import the data from LDIF.

LDIF import settings

By default, the temporary directory used for scratch files is opendj/import-tmp. Use the import-ldif --tmpDirectory option to set this directory to a tmpfs file system, such as /tmp.

If you are certain your LDIF contains only valid entries with correct syntax, you can skip schema validation. Use the import-ldif --skipSchemaValidation option.

Database cache settings

By default, DS directory servers:

  • Use shared cache for all JE database backends.

    The recommended setting is to leave the global property, je-backend-shared-cache-enabled, set to true.

    If you have more than one JE database backend, before you change this setting to false, you must set either db-cache-percent or db-cache-size appropriately for each JE backend. By default, db-cache-percent is 50% for each backend. If you have multiple backends, including backends created with setup profiles, the default settings can prevent the server from starting if you first disable the shared cache.

  • Cache JE database internal and leaf notes to achieve best performance.

    The recommended setting is to leave this advanced property, db-cache-mode, set to cache-ln.

    In very large directory deployments, monitor the server and minimize critical evictions. For details, refer to Cache internal nodes.

If you require fine-grained control over JE backend cache settings, you can configure the amount of memory requested for database cache per database backend:

  1. Configure db-cache-percent or db-cache-size for each JE backend.

    db-cache-percent

    Percentage of JVM memory to allocate to the database cache for the backend.

    If the directory server has multiple database backends, the total percent of JVM heap used must remain less than 100 (percent), and must leave space for other uses.

    Default: 50 (percent)

    db-cache-size

    JVM memory to allocate to the database cache.

    This is an alternative to db-cache-percent. If you set its value larger than 0, then it takes precedence over db-cache-percent.

    Default: 0 MB

  2. Set the global property je-backend-shared-cache-enabled:false.

  3. Restart the server for the changes to take effect.

Cache internal nodes

A JE backend has a B-tree data structure. A B-tree consists of nodes that can have children. Nodes with children are internal nodes. Nodes without children are leaf nodes.

The directory stores data in key-value pairs. Internal nodes hold the keys and can hold small values. Leaf nodes hold the values. One internal node usually holds keys to values in many leaf nodes. A B-tree has many more leaf nodes than internal nodes.

To read a value by its key, the backend traverses all internal nodes on the branch from the B-tree root to the leaf node holding the value. The closer a node is to the B-tree root, the more likely the backend must access it to get to the value. In other words, the backend accesses internal nodes more often than leaf nodes.

When a backend accesses a node, it loads the node into the DB cache. Loading a node because it wasn’t in cache is a cache miss. When you first start DS, all requests result in cache misses until the server loads active nodes.

As the DB cache fills, the backend makes space to load nodes by evicting nodes from the cache. The backend evicts leaf nodes, then least recently used internal nodes. As a last resort, the backend evicts even recently used internal nodes with changes not yet synced to storage.

The next time the backend accesses an evicted node, it must load the node from storage. Storage may mean the file system cache, or it may mean a disk. Reading from memory can be orders of magnitude faster than reading from disk. For the best DB performance, cache the nodes the DB accesses most often, which are the internal nodes.

Once DS has run for some time and active nodes are in cache, watch the cache misses for internal nodes. DS has "warmed up" and the active nodes are in the cache. The number of evicted internal nodes should remain constant. When the cache size is right, and no sudden changes occur in access patterns, the number of cache misses for internal nodes should stop growing:

$ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --baseDN cn=monitor \
 "(objectClass=ds-monitor-backend-db)" \
 ds-mon-db-cache-evict-internal-nodes-count \
 ds-mon-db-cache-misses-internal-nodes
dn: ds-cfg-backend-id=dsEvaluation,cn=backends,cn=monitor
ds-mon-db-cache-evict-internal-nodes-count: <number>
ds-mon-db-cache-misses-internal-nodes: <number>

If ds-mon-db-cache-evict-internal-nodes-count is greater than 0 and growing, or ds-mon-db-cache-misses-internal-nodes continues to grow even after DS has warmed up, DS is evicting internal nodes from the DB cache.

If you can rule out big changes in access cache patterns like large unindexed searches, DS does not have enough space for the DB cache. Increase the DB cache size and add more RAM to your system if necessary. If adding RAM isn’t an option, increase the maximum heap size (-Xmx) to optimize RAM allocation.

Estimate minimum DB cache size

This section explains how to estimate the minimum DB cache size.

The examples below use a directory server with a 10 million entry dsEvaluation backend. The backend holds entries generated using the --set ds-evaluation/generatedUsers:10,000,000 setup option.

Before estimating DB cache size for your deployment:

  • Configure the servers with production replication and indexing settings.

  • Import realistic data.

    If you can’t find test data matching production data, generate realistic data.

    Immediately after import, a JE backend has the minimum number of internal nodes the data requires.

  • Simulate realistic traffic to your service.

    Even better, learn about real loads from analysis of production access logs, and build custom test clients to match the access patterns of your applications.

    The backend appends updates to its database log and cleans the database log in the background. Over time, as more updates occur, the number of internal nodes grows, tracking backend growth.

After simulating realistic traffic for some time, stop the server. Use the output from the backendstat command to estimate the required DB cache size JE DbCacheSize tool together to estimate the required DB cache size:

# Stop the server before using backendstat:
$ stop-ds

$ backendstat list-raw-dbs --backendId dsEvaluation
Raw DB Name                                                                                      Total Keys  Keys Size  Values Size  Total Size
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/compressed_schema/compressed_attributes                                                         54                 54          837         891
/compressed_schema/compressed_object_classes                                                     18                 18          938         956
/dc=com,dc=example/aci.presence                                                                  1                   1            3           4
/dc=com,dc=example/cn.caseIgnoreMatch                                                            10000165    139242470     47887210   187129680
/dc=com,dc=example/cn.caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch:6                                                858657        5106079    204936276   210042355
/dc=com,dc=example/counter.objectClass.big.objectIdentifierMatch                                 2                  34            2          36
/dc=com,dc=example/counter.userPassword.big.passwordStorageSchemeEqualityMatch                   0                   0            0           0
/dc=com,dc=example/dn2id                                                                         10000181    268892913     80001448   348894361
/dc=com,dc=example/ds-certificate-fingerprint.caseIgnoreMatch                                    0                   0            0           0
/dc=com,dc=example/ds-certificate-subject-dn.distinguishedNameMatch                              1                  18            3          21
/dc=com,dc=example/ds-sync-conflict.distinguishedNameMatch                                       0                   0            0           0
/dc=com,dc=example/ds-sync-hist.changeSequenceNumberOrderingMatch                                0                   0            0           0
/dc=com,dc=example/entryUUID.uuidMatch                                                           9988518      39954072     47871653    87825725
/dc=com,dc=example/givenName.caseIgnoreMatch                                                     8614            51690     20017387    20069077
/dc=com,dc=example/givenName.caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch:6                                         19651           97664     48312525    48410189
/dc=com,dc=example/id2childrencount                                                              8                  26           14          40
/dc=com,dc=example/id2entry                                                                      10000181     80001448   5379599451  5459600899
/dc=com,dc=example/json.caseIgnoreJsonQueryMatch                                                 4                  56            8          64
/dc=com,dc=example/jsonToken.extensibleJsonEqualityMatch:caseIgnoreStrings:ignoreWhiteSpace:/id  2                  34            4          38
/dc=com,dc=example/mail.caseIgnoreMatch                                                          10000152    238891751     47887168   286778919
/dc=com,dc=example/mail.caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch:6                                              1222798       7336758    112365097   119701855
/dc=com,dc=example/member.distinguishedNameMatch                                                 1                  40            2          42
/dc=com,dc=example/oauth2Token.caseIgnoreOAuth2TokenQueryMatch                                   4                  74           10          84
/dc=com,dc=example/objectClass.big.objectIdentifierMatch                                         6                 156            0         156
/dc=com,dc=example/objectClass.objectIdentifierMatch                                             24                396          395         791
/dc=com,dc=example/referral                                                                      0                   0            0           0
/dc=com,dc=example/sn.caseIgnoreMatch                                                            13457           92943     20027045    20119988
/dc=com,dc=example/sn.caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch:6                                                41585          219522     73713958    73933480
/dc=com,dc=example/state                                                                         26               1335           25        1360
/dc=com,dc=example/telephoneNumber.telephoneNumberMatch                                          9989952     109889472     47873522   157762994
/dc=com,dc=example/telephoneNumber.telephoneNumberSubstringsMatch:6                              1111110       6543210    221281590   227824800
/dc=com,dc=example/uid.caseIgnoreMatch                                                           10000152    118889928     47887168   166777096
/dc=com,dc=example/uniqueMember.uniqueMemberMatch                                                10                406           21         427
/dc=com,dc=example/userPassword.big.passwordStorageSchemeEqualityMatch                           0                   0            0           0

Total: 34

# Calculate the sum of total keys, the average key size, and the average value size.
# Sum of total keys: 73255334
# Average key size: sum of key sizes/sum of total keys = 1015212568 / 73255334 ~= 13.86
# Average value size: sum of values sizes/sum of total keys = 6399663760 / 73255334 ~= 87.36

# Use the results rounded to the nearest integer as arguments to the DbCacheSize tool:
$ java -cp /path/to/opendj/lib/opendj.jar com.sleepycat.je.util.DbCacheSize \
 -records 73255334 -key 14 -data 87

=== Environment Cache Overhead ===

3,158,773 minimum bytes

To account for JE daemon operation, record locks, HA network connections, etc,
a larger amount is needed in practice.

=== Database Cache Size ===

   Number of Bytes  Description
   ---------------  -----------
     2,953,929,424  Internal nodes only
    12,778,379,408  Internal nodes and leaf nodes

For further information see the DbCacheSize javadoc.

The resulting recommendation for caching Internal nodes only is 2,953,929,424 bytes (~ 3 GB) in this example. This setting for DB cache includes space for all internal nodes, including those with keys and data. To cache all DB data, Internal nodes and leaf nodes, would require 12,778,379,408 (~13 GB).

Round up when configuring backend settings for db-cache-percent or db-cache-size. If the system in this example has 8 GB available memory, use the default setting of db-cache-percent: 50. (50% of 8 GB is 4 GB, which is larger than the minimum estimate.)

Database log file settings

With default settings, if the database has more than 200 files on disk, then the JE backend must start closing one log file in order to open another. This has serious impact on performance when the file cache starts to thrash.

Having the JE backend open and close log files from time to time is okay. Changing the settings is only necessary if the JE backend has to open and close the files very frequently.

A JE backend stores data on disk in append-only log files. The maximum size of each log file is configurable. A JE backend keeps a configurable maximum number of log files open, caching file handles to the log files. The relevant JE backend settings are the following:

db-log-file-max

Maximum size of a database log file.

Default: 1 GB

db-log-filecache-size

File handle cache size for database log files.

Default: 200

With these defaults, if the size of the database reaches 200 GB on disk (1 GB x 200 files), the JE backend must close one log file to open another. To avoid this situation, increase db-log-filecache-size until the JE backend can cache file handles to all its log files. When changing the settings, make sure the maximum number of open files is sufficient.

Log settings

Debug-level log settings trace the internal workings of DS servers, and should be used sparingly. Be careful when activating debug-level logging in high-performance deployments.

In general, leave other logs active for production environments to help troubleshoot any issues that arise.

For servers handling 100,000 operations per second or more, the access log can be a performance bottleneck. Each client request results in at least one access log message. Test whether disabling the access log improves performance in such cases.

The following command disables the JSON-based LDAP access logger:

$ dsconfig \
 set-log-publisher-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --publisher-name "Json File-Based Access Logger" \
 --set enabled:false \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

The following command disables the HTTP access logger:

$ dsconfig \
 set-log-publisher-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --publisher-name "File-Based HTTP Access Logger" \
 --set enabled:false \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Changelog settings

To let legacy applications get update notifications by change number, as described in Align draft change numbers, enable change number indexing.

Change number indexing requires more CPU, disk access, and storage. Enable it only when applications require change number-based browsing.

Troubleshooting

Define the problem

To solve your problem, save time by clearly defining it first. A problem statement compares the difference between observed behavior and expected behavior:

  • What exactly is the problem?

    What is the behavior you expected?

    What is the behavior you observed?

  • How do you reproduce the problem?

  • When did the problem begin?

    Under similar circumstances, when does the problem not occur?

  • Is the problem permanent?

    Intermittent?

    Is it getting worse? Getting better? Staying the same?

Performance

Before troubleshooting performance, make sure:

When directory operations take too long, meaning request latency is high, fix the problem first in your test or staging environment. Perform these steps in order and stop when you find a fix:

  1. Check for unindexed searches and prevent them when possible.

    Unindexed searches are expensive operations, particularly for large directories. When unindexed searches consume the server’s resources, performance suffers for concurrent operations and for later operations if an unindexed search causes widespread changes to database and file system caches.

  2. Check performance settings for the server including JVM heap size and DB cache size.

    Try adding more RAM if memory seems low.

  3. Read the request queue monitoring statistics over LDAP or over HTTP.

    If many requests are in the queue, the troubleshooting steps are different for read and write operations. Read and review the request statistics available over LDAP or over HTTP.

    If you persistently have many:

    • Pending read requests, such as unindexed searches or big searches, try adding CPUs.

    • Pending write requests, try adding IOPS, such as faster or higher throughput disks.

Installation problems

Use the logs

Installation and upgrade procedures result in a log file tracing the operation. The command output shows a message like the following:

See opendj-setup-profile-*.log for a detailed log of the failed operation.

Antivirus interference

Prevent antivirus and intrusion detection systems from interfering with DS software.

Before using DS software with antivirus or intrusion detection software, consider the following potential problems:

Interference with normal file access

Antivirus and intrusion detection systems that perform virus scanning, sweep scanning, or deep file inspection are not compatible with DS file access, particularly write access.

Antivirus and intrusion detection software have incorrectly marked DS files as suspect to infection, because they misinterpret normal DS processing.

Prevent antivirus and intrusion detection systems from scanning DS files, except these folders:

C:\path\to\opendj\bat\

Windows command-line tools

/path/to/opendj/bin/

Linux command-line tools

/path/to/opendj/extlib/

Optional .jar files used by custom plugins

/path/to/opendj/lib/

Scripts and libraries shipped with DS servers

Port blocking

Antivirus and intrusion detection software can block ports that DS uses to provide directory services.

Make sure that your software does not block the ports that DS software uses. For details, refer to Administrative access.

Negative performance impact

Antivirus software consumes system resources, reducing resources available to other services including DS servers.

Running antivirus software can therefore have a significant negative impact on DS server performance. Make sure that you test and account for the performance impact of running antivirus software before deploying DS software on the same systems.

JE initialization

When starting a directory server on a Linux system, make sure the server user can watch enough files. If the server user cannot watch enough files, you might read an error message in the server log like this:

InitializationException: The database environment could not be opened:
com.sleepycat.je.EnvironmentFailureException: (JE version) /path/to/opendj/db/userData
or its sub-directories to WatchService.
UNEXPECTED_EXCEPTION: Unexpected internal Exception, may have side effects.
Environment is invalid and must be closed.

File notification

A directory server backend database monitors file events. On Linux systems, backend databases use the inotify API for this purpose. The kernel tunable fs.inotify.max_user_watches indicates the maximum number of files a user can watch with the inotify API.

Make sure this tunable is set to at least 512K:

$ sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_watches

fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 524288

If this tunable is set lower than that, update the /etc/sysctl.conf file to change the setting permanently, and use the sysctl -p command to reload the settings:

$ echo fs.inotify.max_user_watches=524288 | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
[sudo] password for admin:

$ sudo sysctl -p
fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 524288

NoSuchAlgorithmException

When running the dskeymgr create-deployment-id or setup command on an operating system with no support for the PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256 SecretKeyFactory algorithm, the command displays this error:

NoSuchAlgorithmException: PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256 SecretKeyFactory not available

This can occur on operating systems where the default settings limit the available algorithms.

To fix the issue, enable support for the algorithm and run the command again.

Forgotten superuser password

By default, DS servers store the entry for the directory superuser in an LDIF backend. Edit the file to reset the password:

  1. Generate the encoded version of the new password:

    $ encode-password --storageScheme PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 --clearPassword password

{PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256}10<hash>

  2. Stop the server while you edit the LDIF file for the backend:

    $ stop-ds

  3. Replace the existing password with the encoded version.

    In the db/rootUser/rootUser.ldif file, carefully replace the userPassword value with the new, encoded password:

    dn: uid=admin
...
uid: admin
userPassword:

    Trailing whitespace is significant in LDIF. Take care not to add any trailing whitespace at the end of the line.

  4. Restart the server:

    $ start-ds

  5. Verify that you can use the directory superuser account with the new password:

    $ status \
 --bindDn uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --script-friendly
...
"isRunning" : true,

Debug-level logging

DS error log message severity levels are:

  • ERROR (highest severity)

  • WARNING

  • NOTICE

  • INFO

  • DEBUG (lowest severity)

By default, DS error log severity levels are set as follows:

  • Log ERROR, WARNING, NOTICE, and INFO replication (SYNC) messages.

  • Log ERROR, WARNING, and NOTICE messages for other message categories.

You can change these settings when necessary to log debug-level messages.

DS debug-level logging can generate a high volume of messages. Use debug-level logging very sparingly on production systems.

  1. Choose the category you want to debug:

    Category Description

    BACKEND

    Server backends

    BACKUP

    Backup procedures

    CONFIG

    Configuration management

    CORE

    Core server operations

    DEFAULT

    Messages with no specific category

    EXTENSIONS

    Reserved for custom extensions

    EXTERNAL

    External libraries

    JVM

    Java virtual machine information

    LOGGING

    Server log publishers

    PLUGIN

    Server plugins

    PROTOCOL

    Server protocols

    PROTOCOL.ASN1

    ASN.1 encoding

    PROTOCOL.HTTP

    HTTP

    PROTOCOL.JMX

    JMX

    PROTOCOL.LDAP

    LDAP

    PROTOCOL.LDAP_CLIENT

    LDAP SDK client features

    PROTOCOL.LDAP_SERVER

    LDAP SDK server features

    PROTOCOL.LDIF

    LDIF

    PROTOCOL.SASL

    SASL

    PROTOCOL.SMTP

    SMTP

    PROTOCOL.SNMP

    SNMP

    PROTOCOL.SSL

    SSL and TLS

    SCHEMA

    LDAP schema

    SECURITY

    Security features

    SECURITY.AUTHENTICATION

    Authentication

    SECURITY.AUTHORIZATION

    Access control and privileges

    SERVICE_DISCOVERY

    Service discovery

    SYNC

    Replication

    SYNC.CHANGELOG

    Replication changelog

    SYNC.CHANGENUMBER

    Replication change number and change number index

    SYNC.CONNECTIONS

    Replication connections

    SYNC.HEARTBEAT

    Replication heartbeat checks

    SYNC.LIFECYCLE

    Replication lifecycle

    SYNC.PROTOCOL_MSGS

    Replication protocol messages excluding updates and heartbeat checks

    SYNC.PURGE

    Replication changelog and historical data purge events

    SYNC.REPLAY

    Replication replays and conflicts

    SYNC.STATE

    Replication state changes including generation ID

    SYNC.TOPOLOGY

    Replication topology

    SYNC.UPDATE_MSGS

    Replication update messages

    TASK

    Server tasks

    TOOLS

    Command-line tools

    A monitoring user can read the list of supported categories over LDAP.

  2. Override the error log level specifically for the category or categories of interest.

    The following example enables debug-level logging for the replication lifecycle. As debug-level logging is of lower severity than the defaults, all the default log levels remain in effect:

    $ dsconfig \
 set-log-publisher-prop \
 --add override-severity:SYNC.LIFECYCLE=DEBUG \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --publisher-name "File-Based Error Logger" \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

    The server immediately begins to write additional messages to the error log.

  3. Read the messages:

    $ tail -f /path/to/opendj/logs/errors

  4. Restore the default settings as soon as debug-level logging is no longer required:

    $ dsconfig \
 set-log-publisher-prop \
 --remove override-severity:SYNC.LIFECYCLE=DEBUG \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --publisher-name "File-Based Error Logger" \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Lockdown mode

Misconfiguration can put the DS server in a state where you must prevent users and applications from accessing the directory until you have fixed the problem.

DS servers support lockdown mode . Lockdown mode permits connections only on the loopback address, and permits only operations requested by superusers, such as uid=admin.

To put the DS server into lockdown mode, the server must be running. You cause the server to enter lockdown mode by starting a task. Notice that the modify operation is performed over the loopback address (accessing the DS server on the local host):

$ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password << EOF
dn: ds-task-id=Enter Lockdown Mode,cn=Scheduled Tasks,cn=tasks
objectClass: top
objectClass: ds-task
ds-task-id: Enter Lockdown Mode
ds-task-class-name: org.opends.server.tasks.EnterLockdownModeTask
EOF

The DS server logs a notice message in logs/errors when lockdown mode takes effect:

...msg=Lockdown task Enter Lockdown Mode finished execution

Client applications that request operations get a message concerning lockdown mode:

$ ldapsearch \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --baseDN "" \
 --searchScope base \
 "(objectclass=*)" \
 +

# The LDAP search request failed: 53 (Unwilling to Perform)
# Additional Information:  Rejecting the requested operation because the server is in lockdown mode and will only accept requests from root users over loopback connections

Leave lockdown mode by starting a task:

$ ldapmodify \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 1636 \
 --useSsl \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password << EOF
dn: ds-task-id=Leave Lockdown Mode,cn=Scheduled Tasks,cn=tasks
objectClass: top
objectClass: ds-task
ds-task-id: Leave Lockdown Mode
ds-task-class-name: org.opends.server.tasks.LeaveLockdownModeTask
EOF

The DS server logs a notice message when leaving lockdown mode:

...msg=Leave Lockdown task Leave Lockdown Mode finished execution

LDIF import

  • By default, DS directory servers check that entries you import match the LDAP schema.

    You can temporarily bypass this check with the import-ldif --skipSchemaValidation option.

  • By default, DS servers ensure that entries have only one structural object class.

    You can relax this behavior with the advanced global configuration property, single-structural-objectclass-behavior.

    This can be useful when importing data exported from Sun Directory Server.

    For example, warn when entries have more than one structural object class, rather than rejecting them:

    $ dsconfig \
 set-global-configuration-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword password \
 --set single-structural-objectclass-behavior:warn \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

  • By default, DS servers check syntax for several attribute types. Relax this behavior using the advanced global configuration property, invalid-attribute-syntax-behavior.

  • Use the import-ldif -R rejectFile --countRejects options to log rejected entries and to return the number of rejected entries as the command’s exit code.

Once you resolve the issues, reinstate the default behavior to avoid importing bad data.

Security problems

Incompatible Java versions

Due to a change in Java APIs, the same DS deployment ID generates different CA key pairs with Java 11 and Java 17 and later. When running the dskeymgr and setup commands, use the same Java environment everywhere in the deployment.

Using different Java versions is a problem if you use deployment ID-based CA certificates. Replication breaks, for example, when you use the setup command for a new server with a more recent version of Java than was used to set up existing servers. The error log includes a message such as the following:

...category=SYNC severity=ERROR msgID=119 msg=Directory server DS(server_id)
encountered an unexpected error while connecting to replication server host:port for domain "base_dn":
ValidatorException: PKIX path validation failed: java.security.cert.CertPathValidatorException:
signature check failed

To work around the issue, follow these steps:

  1. Update all DS servers to use the same Java version.

    Make sure you have a required Java environment installed on the system.

    If your default Java environment is not appropriate, use one of the following solutions:

    • Edit the default.java-home setting in the opendj/config/java.properties file.

    • Set OPENDJ_JAVA_HOME to the path to the correct Java environment.

    • Set OPENDJ_JAVA_BIN to the absolute path of the java command.

  2. Export CA certificates generated with the different Java versions.

    1. Export the CA certificate from an old server:

      $ keytool \
 -exportcert \
 -alias ca-cert \
 -keystore /path/to/old-server/config/keystore \
 -storepass:file /path/to/old-server/config/keystore.pin \
 -file java11-ca-cert.pem

    2. Export the CA certificate from a new server:

      $ keytool \
 -exportcert \
 -alias ca-cert \
 -keystore /path/to/new-server/config/keystore \
 -storepass:file /path/to/new-server/config/keystore.pin \
 -file java17-ca-cert.pem

  3. On all existing DS servers, import the new CA certificate:

    $ keytool \
 -importcert \
 -trustcacerts \
 -alias alt-ca-cert \
 -keystore /path/to/old-server/config/keystore \
 -storepass:file /path/to/old-server/config/keystore.pin \
 -file java17-ca-cert.pem \
 -noprompt

  4. On all new DS servers, import the old CA certificate:

    $ keytool \
 -importcert \
 -trustcacerts \
 -alias alt-ca-cert \
 -keystore /path/to/new-server/config/keystore \
 -storepass:file /path/to/new-server/config/keystore.pin \
 -file java11-ca-cert.pem \
 -noprompt

The servers reload their keystores dynamically and replication works as expected.

Certificate-based authentication

Replication uses TLS to protect directory data on the network. Misconfiguration can cause replicas to fail to connect due to handshake errors. This leads to repeated error log messages such as the following:

...msg=Replication server accepted a connection from address
 to local address address but the SSL handshake failed.
 This is probably benign, but may indicate a transient network outage
 or a misconfigured client application connecting to this replication server.
 The error was: Received fatal alert: certificate_unknown

You can collect debug trace messages to help determine the problem. To display the TLS debug messages, start the server with javax.net.debug set:

$ OPENDJ_JAVA_ARGS="-Djavax.net.debug=all" start-ds

The debug trace settings result in many, many messages. To resolve the problem, review the output of starting the server, looking in particular for handshake errors.

If the chain of trust for your PKI is broken somehow, consider renewing or replacing keys, as described in Key management. Make sure that trusted CA certificates are configured as expected.

FIPS and key wrapping

DS servers use shared asymmetric keys to protect shared symmetric secret keys for data encryption.

By default, DS uses direct encryption to protect the secret keys.

When using a FIPS-compliant security provider that doesn’t allow direct encryption, such as Bouncy Castle, change the Crypto Manager configuration to set the advanced property, key-wrapping-mode: WRAP. With this setting, DS uses wrap mode to protect the secret keys in a compliant way.

Compromised keys

How you handle the problem depends on which key was compromised:

  • For keys generated by the server, or with a deployment ID and password, refer to Retire secret keys.

  • For a private key whose certificate was signed by a CA, contact the CA for help. The CA might choose to publish a certificate revocation list (CRL) that identifies the certificate of the compromised key.

    Replace the key pair that has the compromised private key.

  • For a private key whose certificate was self-signed, replace the key pair that has the compromised private key.

    Make sure the clients remove the compromised certificate from their truststores. They must replace the certificate of the compromised key with the new certificate.

Client problems

Use the logs

By default, DS servers record messages for LDAP client operations in the logs/ldap-access.audit.json log file.

Show example log messages

In the access log, each message is a JSON object. This example formats each message to make it easier to read:

{
  "eventName": "DJ-LDAP",
  "client": {
    "ip": "<clientIp>",
    "port": 12345
  },
  "server": {
    "ip": "<serverIp>",
    "port": 1636
  },
  "request": {
    "protocol": "LDAPS",
    "operation": "BIND",
    "connId": 3,
    "msgId": 1,
    "version": "3",
    "dn": "uid=kvaughan,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com",
    "authType": "SIMPLE"
  },
  "transactionId": "<uuid>",
  "response": {
    "status": "SUCCESSFUL",
    "statusCode": "0",
    "elapsedTime": 1,
    "elapsedQueueingTime": 0,
    "elapsedProcessingTime": 1,
    "elapsedTimeUnits": "MILLISECONDS",
    "additionalItems": {
      "ssf": 128
    }
  },
  "userId": "uid=kvaughan,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com",
  "timestamp": "<timestamp>",
  "_id": "<uuid>"
}
{
  "eventName": "DJ-LDAP",
  "client": {
    "ip": "<clientIp>",
    "port": 12345
  },
  "server": {
    "ip": "<serverIp>",
    "port": 1636
  },
  "request": {
    "protocol": "LDAPS",
    "operation": "SEARCH",
    "connId": 3,
    "msgId": 2,
    "dn": "dc=example,dc=com",
    "scope": "sub",
    "filter": "(uid=bjensen)",
    "attrs": ["cn"]
  },
  "transactionId": "<uuid>",
  "response": {
    "status": "SUCCESSFUL",
    "statusCode": "0",
    "elapsedTime": 3,
    "elapsedQueueingTime": 0,
    "elapsedProcessingTime": 3,
    "elapsedTimeUnits": "MILLISECONDS",
    "nentries": 1,
    "entrySize": 591
  },
  "userId": "uid=kvaughan,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com",
  "timestamp": "<timestamp>",
  "_id": "<uuid>"
}
{
  "eventName": "DJ-LDAP",
  "client": {
    "ip": "<clientIp>",
    "port": 12345
  },
  "server": {
    "ip": "<serverIp>",
    "port": 1636
  },
  "request": {
    "protocol": "LDAPS",
    "operation": "UNBIND",
    "connId": 3,
    "msgId": 3
  },
  "transactionId": "<uuid>",
  "timestamp": "<timestamp>",
  "_id": "<uuid>"
}
{
  "eventName": "DJ-LDAP",
  "client": {
    "ip": "<clientIp>",
    "port": 12345
  },
  "server": {
    "ip": "<serverIp>",
    "port": 1636
  },
  "request": {
    "protocol": "LDAPS",
    "operation": "DISCONNECT",
    "connId": 3
  },
  "transactionId": "0",
  "response": {
    "status": "SUCCESSFUL",
    "statusCode": "0",
    "elapsedTime": 0,
    "elapsedTimeUnits": "MILLISECONDS",
    "reason": "Client Unbind"
  },
  "timestamp": "<timestamp>",
  "_id": "<uuid>"
}

For details about the messages format, refer to Common ForgeRock access logs.

By default, the server does not log internal LDAP operations corresponding to HTTP requests. To match HTTP client operations to internal LDAP operations:

  1. Prevent the server from suppressing log messages for internal operations.

    Set suppress-internal-operations:false on the LDAP access log publisher.

  2. Match the request/connId field in the HTTP access log with the same field in the LDAP access log.

Client access

To help diagnose client errors due to access permissions, refer to Effective rights.

Simple paged results

For some versions of Linux, you read a message in the DS access logs such as the following:

The request control with Object Identifier (OID) "1.2.840.113556.1.4.319"
cannot be used due to insufficient access rights

This message means clients are trying to use the simple paged results control without authenticating. By default, a global ACI allows only authenticated users to use the control.

To grant anonymous (unauthenticated) user access to the control, add a global ACI for anonymous use of the simple paged results control:

$ dsconfig \
 set-access-control-handler-prop \
 --hostname localhost \
 --port 4444 \
 --bindDN uid=admin \
 --bindPassword "password" \
 --add global-aci:"(targetcontrol=\"SimplePagedResults\") \
 (version 3.0; acl \"Anonymous simple paged results access\"; allow(read) \
 userdn=\"ldap:///anyone\";)" \
 --usePkcs12TrustStore /path/to/opendj/config/keystore \
 --trustStorePassword:file /path/to/opendj/config/keystore.pin \
 --no-prompt

Replication problems

Replicas do not connect

If you set up servers with different deployment IDs, they cannot share encrypted data. By default, they also cannot trust each other’s secure connections. You may read messages like the following in the logs/errors log file:

msg=Replication server accepted a connection from /address:port
to local address /address:port but the SSL handshake failed.

Unless the servers use your own CA, make sure their keys are generated with the same deployment ID/password. Either set up the servers again with the same deployment ID, or refer to Replace deployment IDs.

Temporary delays

Replication can generally recover from conflicts and transient issues. Temporary delays are normal and expected while replicas converge, especially when the write load is heavy. This is a feature of eventual convergence, not a bug.

Persistently long replication delays can be a problem for client applications. A client application gets an unexpectedly old view of the data when reading from a very delayed replica. Monitor replication delay and take action when you observe persistently long delays. For example, make sure the network connections between DS servers are functioning normally. Make sure the DS server systems are sized appropriately.

For detailed suggestions about monitoring replication delays, refer to either of the following sections:

Use the logs

By default, replication records messages in the log file, logs/errors. Replication messages have category=SYNC.

The messages have the following form. The following example message is folded for readability:

...msg=Replication server accepted a connection from 10.10.0.10/10.10.0.10:52859
 to local address 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:8989 but the SSL handshake failed.
 This is probably benign, but may indicate a transient network outage
 or a misconfigured client application connecting to this replication server.
 The error was: Remote host closed connection during handshake

Stale data

DS replicas maintain historical information to bring replicas up to date and to resolve conflicts. To prevent historical information from growing without limit, DS replicas purge historical information after the replication-purge-delay (default: 3 days).

A replica becomes irrevocably out of sync when, for example:

  • You restore it from backup files older than the purge delay.

  • You stop it for longer than the purge delay.

  • The replica stays out of contact with other DS servers for longer than the purge delay.

When this happens to a single replica, reinitialize the replica.

For detailed suggestions about troubleshooting stale replicas, refer to either of the following sections:

Change number indexing

DS replication servers maintain a changelog database to record updates to directory data. The changelog database serves to:

  • Replicate changes, synchronizing data between replicas.

  • Let client applications get change notifications.

DS replication servers purge historical changelog data after the replication-purge-delay in the same way replicas purge their historical data.

Client applications can get changelog notifications using cookies (recommended) or change numbers.

To support change numbers, the servers maintain a change number index to the replicated changes. A replication server maintains the index when its configuration properties include changelog-enabled:enabled. (Cookie-based notifications do not require a change number index.)

The change number indexer must not be interrupted for long. Interruptions can arise when, for example, a DS server:

  • Stays out of contact, not sending any updates or heartbeats.

  • Gets removed without being shut down cleanly.

  • Gets lost in a system crash.

Interruptions prevent the change number indexer from advancing. When a change number indexer cannot advance for almost as long as the purge delay, it may be unable to recover as the servers purge historical data needed to determine globally consistent change numbers.

For detailed suggestions about monitoring changelog indexing, refer to either of the following sections:

Take action based on the situation:

Situation Actions to take

The time since last indexing is much smaller than the purge delay.

No action required.

The time since last indexing is approaching the purge delay.

Begin by determining why. The fix depends on the exact symptoms.

A DS server was removed without a clean shutdown.

Rebuild an identical server and shut it down cleanly before removing it.

A DS server disappeared in a crash.

Rebuild an identical server.

Incorrect configuration

When replication is configured incorrectly, fixing the problem can involve adjustments on multiple servers. For example, adding or removing a bootstrap replication server means updating the bootstrap-replication-server settings in the synchronization provider configuration of other servers. (The settings can be hard-coded in the configuration, or read from the environment at startup time, as described in Property value substitution. In either case, changing them involves at least restarting the other servers.)

For details, refer to Replication and the related pages.

Support

Sometimes you cannot resolve a problem yourself, and must ask for help or technical support. In such cases, identify the problem and how you reproduce it, and the version where you observe the problem:

$ status --offline --version

ForgeRock Directory Services 7.4.3-20241015115352-209ff3c0000cb208c40a9a5f707924f0af03b332
Build <datestamp>

Be prepared to provide the following additional information:

  • The Java home set in config/java.properties.

  • Access and error logs showing what the server was doing when the problem started occurring.

  • A copy of the server configuration file, config/config.ldif, in use when the problem started occurring.

  • Other relevant logs or output, such as those from client applications experiencing the problem.

  • A description of the environment where the server is running, including system characteristics, hostnames, IP addresses, Java versions, storage characteristics, and network characteristics. This helps to understand the logs, and other information.

  • The .zip file generated using the supportextract command.

    For an example showing how to use the command, refer to supportextract.